Michael J. Friedel, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist, Visiting and Adjunct Professor

email: mfriedel@usgs.gov; telephone: 303.236.7790

Presentations

Presentations as University Seminars

Friedel, M.J., 2007, Assessment and Management of Mining-Related Environmental Risks With Applications, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2005, University de Centroamericana, Dept. Energy and Fluids, Simultaneous estimation of rainfall amounts in four ungaged coastal watersheds of El Salvador. San Salvador, El Salvador. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2005, University de Centroamericana, Dept. Energy and Fluids, Simulating hurricane-induced costal flooding, El Salvador. San Salvador, El Salvador. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2005, Hohai University, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Improved estimation of recharge through the vadose zone, Nanjing, China, Nov. 3, 2005. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., Hohai University, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Predicting Effects of Urbanization on Ecological Integrity. Nanjing, China. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2005, Hohai University, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Simulated Effects of Sulphur Gulch Reservoir Operations on Colorado River Quantity and Quality, Nanjing, China. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2005, Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Probable effects of urbanization on biological integrity, Budapest, Hungary. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2002, University of Minnesota, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, St. Paul, MN, Stochastic simulation and optimization of reservoir parameters. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2002, University of Minnesota, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Simultaneous estimation of coupled water-heat-solute transport parameters. St. Paul, MN. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 2001, University of Minnesota, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Modeling framework for simulating urbanization and its effects on ecological integrity - a work in progress. St. Paul. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 1996, Radford University, Roanoke, Department of Geological Engineering, Mining Applications of seismic tomography. VA. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 1992, Columbia University, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Geotomographic applications in mining. New York, NY. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 1992, University of California, Earth Science Division, Analysis and implications of dynamic transmissivity conditions during in situ copper leaching. Berkeley, CA. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 1991, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Geosciences, Mining applications of geotomography. (Invited lecture)

Friedel, M.J., 1991, Michigan Technological University, Geological and Mining Engineering Departments, In situ mining, Houghton, MI. (Invited lecture)

Presentations at Conferences

INTERNATIONAL

Friedel, M., 2005, Probable flooding in ungaged coastal basins of El Salvador, International Symposium ­on Methodology in Hydrology, Nanjing, China, Oct. 30 -Nov. 2, 2005. [KEYNOTE]

Friedel, M., 2005, Effects of Coal-bed methane discharge waters on vegetation and soil ecosystem in Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, International Symposium ­on Methodology in Hydrology, Nanjing, China, Oct. 30 - Nov. 2, 2005. [KEYNOTE]

Friedel, M., 2005, Urbanization effects on ecological integrity in the Upper Illinois River Basin, USA, NATO Advanced Study Workshop - Groundwater and Ecosystems, Canakkale, Turkey, Sept. 5-7, 2005. [KEYNOTE]

Friedel, M., 2004, Reliability in urban ground-water recharge estimates through the vadose zone: managing sustainable development in arid and semiarid regions, NATO Advanced Study Institute - Management and Sustainable Development of Urban Groundwater Systems, Baku, Azerbiajan, Aug. 10-20, 2004. [KEYNOTE]

Friedel, M.J., D.F. Scott, M.J. Jackson,,T. Williams, and S.M. Killen, 1995, 3-D seismic tomographic investigation of mechanical conditions in a deep US gold mine, Proceedings Mech. Jointed and Faulted Rock-2, Vienna Austria, April 13-17, pp. 689-695. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Jackson, M.J., M.J. Friedel, D.R. Tweeton, D.F. Scott, and T.J. Williams, 1995, Three-dimensional imaging of underground mine structures using geophysical tomography with tests for resolution and robustness. Proceedings CAMI ‘95: 3rd Canadian Conference on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 22-25. [INVITED]

Schmidt, R.D. and M.J. Friedel. 1991, Application of computers for analysis of in situ leach mining hydrology, Proceedings Indo-U.S. Symposium on Computers in the Mining Industry, Dahnbad, India, November 11-13, pp. 121-135. [INVITED]

Friedel, M.J., and R.E. Thill. 1990, U.S. Bureau of Mines research on the Kaiser Effect for determining stress in rock. Proceedings in International Joing Meeting, 1st Workshop on AE in Civil Engineering and 2nd Workshop on AE and Rock Fracture Mechanics, Kumamoto City, Japan, Oct. 29-31, pp. 54. [INIVITED and PRESENTED]

USA

Friedel, M., 2008, Joint Inverse Modeling to Estimate Flood-Flow Depths and their Uncertainty in Ungauged Coastal Basins, El Salvador, Central America, Extended abstract, United States Geological Survey, 2nd Modeling Conference, Gulf Shores, Alabama, February, 10-15, 2008. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2008, Joint Inverse Modeling to Estimate Extreme Rainfall Events and their Uncertainty in Ungauged Coastal Basins, El Salvador, Central America, Extended abstract, United States Geological Survey, 2nd Modeling Conference, Gulf Shores, Alabama, February, 10-15, 2008. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2008, Application of Stochastic Modeling to Forecast Likely Urbanization Effects on Ecological Integrity in the Upper Illinois River Basin, USA, Extended abstract, United States Geological Survey, 2nd Modeling Conference, Gulf Shores, Alabama, February, 10-15, 2008. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2008, Stochastic Modeling to Forecast Likely Effects of a Proposed Reservoir on Colorado River Quantity and Quality near Grand Junction, Colorado, Extended abstract, United States Geological Survey, 2nd Modeling Conference, Gulf Shores, Alabama, February, 10-15, 2008. [PRESENTED]

J A Tindall, M Figueroa-Johnson, *M J Friedel. 2007, Comparison of Soil-Water Sampling Techniques, Trans. AGU, 83(42), Fall Meet. Suppl., H53F-1489. [PRESENTED]

Figureoa*, M., J.A. Tindall, and M.J. Friedel. 2005, Comparison of 18Od composition of water extracted from suction lysimeters, centrifugation, and azeotropic distillation, Trans. AGU, 83(42), Fall Meet. Suppl., H13-6703

Little*, J., J.A. Tindall, and M.J. Friedel, 2005, Scaling relations between laboratory and field scale hysteretic measurements for a coarse sandy loam soil, Trans. AGU, 83(42), Fall Meet. Suppl., H13-6701.

Little*, J., J.A. Tindall, and M.J. Friedel, 2004, Correlated Moisture Content, Pressure and Temperature Data for Development of Hysteretic Moisture Retention Curves, Trans. AGU, 83(42), Fall Meet. Suppl., H33B-0464. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2003, Predicting maximum likely debris flows: from pre-fire streamflow measurements to post-fire hazard mapping, presentation at Colorado Streamgaging Symposium, 2003, Breckenridge, CO, May 8, 2003. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2003, Predicting maximum likely debris flows: from pre-fire streamflow measurements to post-fire hazard mapping, presentation at Colorado Streamgaging Symposium, 2003, Breckenridge, CO, May 8, 2003. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Quantifying Ground-Water Recharge Using a Coupled Water-Heat-Solute Transport Model: Optimal Nonlinear Parameter Estimation, Nonuniqueness, and Predictive Uncertainty, Trans. AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec 10, 2002. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Salinity issues in Western United States. Proceedings Western drought effects on water quantity and quality. American Institute of Hydrology, Minneapolis, MN, August 9, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Arnold, T., M.J. Friedel, and K.L. Warner, 2001, Hydrogeologic inventory of the upper Illinois River Basin – creating a large data base from well construction records. Geological Society of America April 22, 2001 in Bloomington, Illinois.

Nieber, J.L., M.J. Friedel, and B.S. Sharratt, 1997, Modeling equations for two-dimensional coupled heat, fluid, and solute transport in variably-saturated, variably-frozen soils, CRREL Special Report 97-10: Proceedings International symposium on physics, chemistry and ecology of seasonally frozen soils, Fairbanks, Alaska, June 10-12, pp. 140-146. [INVITED]

Scott, D.F, T.J. Williams and M.J. Friedel, 1996, Application of seismic tomography in underground mining, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Ground Control in Underground Mining, Golden, CO, Aug. 13-15. [INVITED]

Williams, T. J., Scott, D. F. and Friedel, M.J., 1996, Application of seismic tomography to underground mining: Part 2, 66th Annual International Meeting: Society of Exploration Geophysics, Denver, CO, Nov. 15.  pp. 2057-2059.

Scott, D. F., Williams, T. J. and Friedel, M.J., 1996, Application of seismic tomography to underground mining: Part 1, 66th Annual International Meeting: Society of Exploration Geophysics, Denver, CO, Nov. 15, pp. 2053-2056.

Jackson, M.J., M.J. Friedel, D.R. Tweeton, D.F. Scott, and T.J. Williams, 1995, Imaging underground mine structures using seismic tomography. Proceedings Symposium on Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March, 1995, pp. 112-127.

Moyle, P.R., J.M. Fay, and M.J. Friedel, 1994, Integrated geophysical characterization of mine-waste sites in the Coeur d’ Alene Mining District, ID. Proceedings Symposium on Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 27-31, pp. 857-868.

Friedel, M.J., and E. Wedepohl, 1994, Case studies of radio wave tomography at base metal and gold ore bodies in the USA and Southern Africa. Society of Mining Metallurgy, & Exploration, Albuquerque, NM, 1994, March 27-31, pp. 32-44. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 1994, Integrated geophysical technology for void detection and geological/hydrological characterization. U.S. Bureau of Mines - Abandoned Mine Land Geophysical Workshop, Minneapolis, MN, March 24, 1994. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 1994, 3D tomographic imaging of anomalous conditions in a deep mine. Paper presented at Symposium on Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Boston, MA, March, 20-25, 1994, pp. 92-107. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., M.J. Jackson, E. Williams, M.S. Olson, 1994, Tomographic imaging of coal pillar conditions: observations and implications. Society of Mining Metallurgy, & Exploration Annual Meeting, February 14-17, Albuquerque, NM, Preprint 94-110, 17p. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J. and M.J. Jackson, 1993, Application of seismic tomography for assessing yield pillar stress conditions. Paper presented at Twelfth Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Lakeview Resort and Conference Center, Morgantown, WV, August 3-5, 1993, pp. 292-301. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Hauser, K.L. and M.J. Friedel, 1993, Geophysical techniques applied to cavity detection at the Wharf Mine, Lead, South Dakota. Proceedings 4th Tunnel Detection Symposium, Golden, CO., pp. 617-636.

Jackson, M., E. Wedepohl, M.J. Friedel, and K. Hauser, 1993, Forward modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in layered media: implications for cross-borehole radio-wave detection of voids in coal measure rocks.  Proceedings 4th Tunnel Detection Symposium, Golden CO, pp. 399-412.

Friedel, M.J., J.A. Jessop, and R.E. Thill, 1992, Mining applications of seismic tomography. Proceedings 62nd Annual International Meeting: Society of Exploration Geophysics, New Orleans, LA, November 10-14, pp. 58-62. [PRESENTED]

Thill, R.E., M.J. Friedel, J.A. Jessop, and M.J. Jackson, 1992, Integrated geophysics and geotomography for ground control applications. Proceedings 4th Ground Control Symposium, Southern Illinois University, Mt.Vernon,  IL, November 2-4, pp. 51-69.

Jessop, J.A., D.L. Borek, M.J. Jackson, D.R. Tweeton and M.J. Friedel, 1992, Evaluation of a stope leaching site using geotomography. Proceedings Engineering Foundation Conference, In Situ Minerals Recovery-II , Santa Barbara, CA, October 25-30, pp. 599-616.

Schmidt, R.D., D. Early, III, and M.J. Friedel, 1992, Analysis and implications of dynamic transmissivity conditions during in situ copper leaching. Proceedings Engineering Foundation Conference, In Situ Recovery of Minerals II, Santa Barbara, October 25-30, pp. 259-286.

Tweeton, D.R., J.C. Hanson, M.J. Friedel and L.J. Dahl, 1992, Field tests of geophysical methods for monitoring the flow patterns of leach solution. Proceedings Engineering Foundation Conference, In Situ Recovery of Minerals II, October 25-30, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 179-199.

Jackson, M.J., D.R. Tweeton, and M.J. Friedel, 1992, Approaches for optimizing the use of available information in crosshole seismic tomographic reconstruction. Proceedings GeoTech '92 Geo-Computing Conference, Denver, CO, August 31-September 3, pp. 130-143.

Jessop, J.A., M.J. Friedel, D.R. Tweeton, and M.J. Jackson, 1992. Fracture detection with seismic crosshole tomography for solution control in a stope. Proceedings Symposium on Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Oakbrook, IL, April 26-29, pp. 487-587. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., P.M. Jones, and R.D. Schmidt, 1992, Geostatistical analysis of dynamic transmissivity during in situ copper leaching. Proceedings 23rd International Symposium on Applications of Computers in Mining Industry, April 7-11, pp. 49-61. [INIVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 1992, Scale-dependence In the hydrologic design of in situ copper leaching operations: Paper presented at Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration annual meeting, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 18, 1992. (published as Friedel, M.J., 1993, Scale-Dependence in the Hydrologic Design of In Situ Copper Leaching Operations. Society of Mining Engineers Transactions, Vol. 294, pp 1918-1926.) [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., J.A. Jessop, and R.E. Thill, 1991, Igneous rock mass fracture delineation using common offset radar reflection. Proceedings 61st Annual International Meeting: Society of Exploration Geophysics, November 10-14, pp. 504-506.  [PRESENTED]

Hanson, J.C., Tweeton, D.R., Friedel, M.J., and Dahl, L.J., 1991, A field test of electromagnetic methods for the detection of conductive plumes. Annual International Meeting: Society of Exploration Geophysics, November 10-14, pp. 569-572. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 1992, Effect of Unsaturated Conditions on the Hydrology of In Situ Copper Leaching. Society of Mining Engineers Transactions, Vol. 294, pp 1029-1036.) [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J. and R.D. Schmidt, 1991, Effect of an unsaturated setting on the hydrology of in situ copper leaching. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Ann. Mtg., Preprint 91-161, Denver, CO, February 25-28, 11 pp. (published as

Friedel, M.J. and Hanson, J.C., 1990, An integrated geophysical approach to detection of abandoned mine openings. Proceedings 12th Annual National Abandoned Mine Land Conference, Breckenridge, CO, September 15, pp. 57-86. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J. and J.C. Hanson, 1990, Assessment of ground penetrating radar for detecting hazardous abandoned mine openings and related features. Proceedings12th Annual National Abandoned Mine Land Conference, Breckenridge, CO, September, pp. 87-55. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 1990, Common offset radar profiling for detection of fractures igneous rock. Poster presented at Geophysical Solutions to Geologic Problems of Continental Interiors: A Minnesota Workshop, Minnesota Geologic Survey, Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 4-6, pp 12-15. [PRESENTED]

Schmidt, R.D., M.J. Friedel and K. Behnke, 1990, Hydrologic considerations of underground in place copper leaching. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Ann. Mtg., Preprint 90-179, Salt Lake City, UT, February 26-March 1, 12 pp. [PRESENTED]

Jessop, J.A., R.E. Thill, and M.J. Friedel, 1990, Acoustic site characterization studies for in situ mining. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Annual Meeting, Preprint 90-184, Salt Lake City, UT, February 26-30, 11 pp. [PRESENTED]

Thill, R.E., M.J. Friedel, and J.C. Hanson, 1990, Mining geophysics: a research perspective. Proceedings International Symposium on Borehole Geophysics in Petroleum, Hydrology, Mining, and Engineering Applications, Tucson, AZ., February 1-3, 5 pp. [INIVITED]

Presentations at Workshops

Friedel, M.J., 2008, Proposed Risk-based Modeling Framework for the Mineral Environmental Assessment: (1-day), Denver, Colorado, April 23, 2008. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2007, Assessment and management of mining-related environmental risks with applications: in Mine Environments - Potential Impact and Risk Assessment (1-day), Kuopio, Finland, February 7, 2007. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2006, Hazards risk mitigation and emergency preparedness project (1-day), Bucharest, Romania, January 18, 2006. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2005, Parameter estimation, model calibration, and uncertainty analysis  (1-day), State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China, November 3, 2005. (Developed and Instructed)

Friedel, M., 2002, Drought effects on water quantity and quality. U.S. Geological Survey drought workshop, Pueblo, CO, July, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Drought effects on water quantity and quality. U.S. Geological Survey drought workshop, Greeley, CO, July, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Drought effects on water quantity and quality. U.S. Geological Survey drought workshop, Greeley, CO, July, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Transport model parameter nonuniqueness and its effect on recharge prediction in a coupled variably saturated ground-water system. U.S. Geological Survey artificial recharge workshop, Sacramento, CA, April, 2002. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2002, Coupled ground-water model calibration and predictive analysis - space age technology or science fiction? U.S. Geological Survey, Recharge Estimation Workshop, Lakewood, CO, February 26, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 2001, Salinity overview of water resources in the South Platte River Basin, A Colorado Salinity/Selenium Symposium and Workshop, Soil Water Conservation Society, Colorado Springs, CO, October 4, 2001. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 1999, VST2D – Variably saturated water-heat-solute transport model. U.S. Geological Survey - Unsaturated Zone Interest Group, Menlo Park, CA, Jan. 13, 1999. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M., 1999, Ground-water risk assessment – Cyprus mine tailings impoundment. U.S. Geological Survey - Unsaturated Zone Interest Group, Menlo Park, CA, Jan. 13, 1999. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Presentations as Cyber Seminars

Friedel, M.J., CO-District seminar series (oral and cybercast), 2002-2004. [DEVELOPED, COORDINATED, CHAIRED]

Friedel, M.J., Model calibration and predictive analysis for watershed models, Oct. 2002. [DEVELOPED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., A new approach to watershed model calibration and predictive analysis, Apr. 2002. [DEVELOPED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., Model calibration framework for assessing effects of urbanization of water quality, U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Leadership and National Synthesis Teams, Office of Water Quality, and Office of Surface Water personnel, District offices, Mar. 26, 2001. [DEVELOPED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., Model calibration and simulation of urbanization and its effects on ecological integrity. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Leadership and National Synthesis Teams, Office of Water Quality, and Office of Surface Water personnel, District offices, Mar. 26, 2001. [DEVELOPED and PRESENTED]

Presentations as Technical Outreach

Friedel, M.J., 2006, Overview of Hazards Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project, Bucharest, Romania, presentation to World Bank Experts, stakeholders, and concerned citizens, January 16, 2006. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2005, Combined groundwater-geophysical inverse modeling to reduce predictive uncertainty, presentation as part of Groundwater Resources Program research initiative in Linking Geologic Models to Modflow, DFC, Bldg 53, Central Region conference room, F1216, Lakewood, CO, presentation to regional groundwater specialist (A. Burns) and invited scientists, June 16, 2005. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2003, Potential post-fire debris flow hazards associated with Wulfsohn and Glenwood alluvial fans, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, presentation to Mayor and city council, May 28, 2003. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2002, Application of genetic algorithms and programming to water resource problems, oral and cyber presentation to USGS earth scientists, USGS National Training Center, Lakewood, CO, December 4, 2002. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2002, Stochastic modeling of quantity and quality of Colorado River streamflow following development and operation of Sulphur Gulch reservoir, presentation to Denver Water and Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District management and engineers, and attorneys of Trout-Whitman, Loveland, CO, November 22, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2002, Application of stochastic simulation to assess the effects of development and operation of Sulphur Gulch reservoir on changes in Colorado Water Quality, presentation to Denver Water and Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District management and engineers, Denver Water, Denver, CO, August 9, 2002. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2002, Overview of VST2D model applications and future extensions to regional ground-water specialists and ground-water resources program management, Lakewood, CO, October 9, 2001. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2001, Developing an Urbanization TMDL ... the good, the bad, and the ugly. Upper Illinois River Basin - National Water Quality Assessment liaison meeting, Chicago, IL, April 20, 2001. [PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 2001, Developed and presented seminar on Model calibration and simulation of urbanization and its effects on ecological integrity. U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado-District, Denver, CO, Jan. 2001. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 1998, Developed and presented seminar on land use gradient study: predicting the effects of urbanization on water quality. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Leadership Team, Reston, VA, Dec. 1998. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Friedel, M.J., 1998, Probabilistic assessment of source drinking water in the Upper Illinois River Basin. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Leadership Team, Reston, VA, Dec. 1998. [INVITED and PRESENTED]

Scott, D.F., M.J. Friedel, M.J. Jackson, and E. Williams, 1995, Use of Tomographic imaging as a tool to identify areas of high stress in remnant ore pillars in deep underground mines. U.S. Bureau of Mines Technology Transfer Seminar:  Mechanics and Mitigation of Violent Failure in Coal and Hard Rock mines, of Coal Pillar Behavior, U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication, 01-95, Coeur d’ Alene, ID; Price, UT, Norton, Va; May, pp. 323-335. [INVITED]

Westman, E., M.J. Friedel, M.J. Jackson, and E. Williams, 1995, Imaging coal structure stress distribution with seismic tomography.  U.S. Bureau of Mines Technology Transfer Seminar:  Mechanics and Mitigation of Violent Failure in Coal and Hard Rock Mines, of Coal Pillar Behavior, U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication 01-95, Coeur d’ Alene, ID; Price, UT, Norton, Va; May, pp.101-119. [INVITED]

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